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ZALMOXES

a plant-eating rhabdodontid ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania.
Pronunciation: zal-MOCH-seez
Meaning: for Zalmoxis (Dacian deity)
Author/s: Weishampel et al. (2003)
Synonyms: See below
First Discovery: Hunedoara, Romania
Discovery Chart Position: #523

Zalmoxes robustus

Etymology
Zalmoxes is named for Zalmoxis—also known as Salmoxis, Beleizis or Gebeleizis, and perhaps adopted by the Celts under the name Belenos—who was apparently a Romanian slave of the Greek teacher Phythagoras on the island of Samos. He was freed, returned home to Dacia (an ancient European land that includes present Romania) where he ammassed great riches, and built a huge hall for feasting and frivolity where he would enteratain noblefolk and fill their heads with notions of immortality and eternal wealth. Then he buried himself for four years in an undeground tomb, emerged unscathed to prove his point, and was inducted into the Dacian pantheon as God of the mysteries and the underworld. Now aloof, it was utterly important that the Dacian folk got messages to their favourite deity every four years, and bearing in mind the high regard with which Godly messengers were held in other cultures, such as Hermes to the Greeks, the mail-man was the job to have. So to whittle-down the overwhelming number of applicants, the village folk would throw them one by one high into the air, then catch them, on the business-end of their spears! Anyone who survived was deemed unworthy of the task and appointments were made on a "die first and the job is yours" basis. Zalmoxes the dinosaur was entombed for more than a measely four years, but when Franz Nopcsa released it from its subterranean crypt in the twilight of the 19th Century it likewise attained immortality, in a literary sense.
The species epithet, robustus, means "robust" in Latin.
Synonyms
Camptosaurus inkeyi (Nopcsa, 1899)
Onychosaurus hungaricus (Nopcsa, 1902)
Mochlodon robustum (Nopcsa, 1902)
Rhabdodon robustum (Nopcsa, 1915)
Discovery
The first remains of Zalmoxes were discovered in the Sânpetru Formation, Hateg (pron. "Hat-zeg") Basin, Hunedoara County, Romania, in 1897 by Farenc Nopcsa who named them Mochlodon robustum in 1902.
The holotype (BMNH R3392) is a right dentary (tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw).
Estimations
Timeline:
Era: Mesozoic
Epoch: Late Cretaceous
Stage: Maastrichtian
Age range: 71-66 mya
Stats:
Est. max. length: 2.5 meters
Est. max. hip height: 0.7 meters
Est. max. weight: 80 Kg
Diet: Herbivore
zalmoxes-size
References
• Nopcsa F (1900) "Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenbürgen. Schädel von Limnosaurus transsylvanicus nov. gen. et spec.". Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 68: 555-591.
• Nopcsa F (1902) "Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenbürgen II. (Schädel von Mochlodon ). Mit einem Anhange: zur Phylogenie der Ornithopodiden". Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 72: 149-175.
• Nopcsa F (1915) "Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns" (The dinosaurs of the Transylvanian province in Hungary). Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der königlich ungarsichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, Budapest, 23: 3-24.
• Weishampel DB and Jianu C-M (2011) "Transylvanian Dinosaurs".
• Brinkmann W (1986) "Rhabdodon Matheron, 1869 (Reptilia, Ornithischia): Proposed conservation by suppression of Rhabdodon Fleischmann, 1831 (Reptilia, Serpentes)". Case 2536, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 43: 269-272.
• ICZN (1988) "Rhabdodon Matheron, 1869 (Reptilia, Ornithischia): Conserved. Opinion 1483. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 45: 85-86.
• Weishampel DB, Jianu C-M, Csiki Z and Norman DB (2003) "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual Euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaentology, 1(2): 65-123.
• Norman DB (2004) "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.) "The Dinosauria: Second Edition".
• Godefroit P, Codrea V and Weishampel DB (2009) "Osteology of Zalmoxes shqiperorum, based on new specimens from Nalat-Vad, Romania". Geodiversitas, 31: 525-553.
• Augustin FJ, Dumbrava MD, Bastiaans D and Csiki-Sava Z (2022) "Reappraisal of the braincase anatomy of the ornithopod dinosaurs Telmatosaurus and Zalmoxes from the Upper Cretaceous of the Ha?eg Basin (Romania) and the taxonomic reassessment of some previously referred specimens". PalZ, (2022). DOI: 10.1007/s12542-022-00621-x
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To cite this page:
Atkinson, L. "ZALMOXES :: from DinoChecker's dinosaur archive".
›. Web access: 07th Mar 2026.
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